40 research outputs found

    Architectures and protocols for sub-wavelength optical networks: contributions to connectionless and connection-oriented data transport

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    La r脿pida evoluci贸 d鈥橧nternet i l鈥櫭爉plia gamma de noves aplicacions (per exemple, multim猫dia, videoconfer猫ncia, jocs en l铆nia, etc.) ha fomentat canvis revolucionaris en la manera com ens comuniquem. A m茅s, algunes d鈥檃questes aplicacions demanden grans quantitats de recursos d鈥檃mple de banda amb diversos requeriments de qualitat de servei (QoS). El desenvolupament de la multiplexaci贸 per divisi贸 de longitud d鈥檕na (WDM) en els anys noranta va fer molt rendible la disponibilitat d鈥檃mple de banda. Avui dia, les tecnologies de commutaci贸 貌ptica de circuits s贸n predominants en el nucli de la xarxa, les quals permeten la configuraci贸 de canals (lightpaths) a trav茅s de la xarxa. No obstant aix貌, la granularitat d鈥檃quests canals ocupa tota la longitud d鈥檕na, el que fa que siguin ineficients per a proveir canals de menor ample de banda (sub-longitud d鈥檕na). Segons la comunitat cient铆fica, 茅s necessari augmentar la transpar猫ncia dels protocols, aix铆 com millorar l鈥檃provisionament d鈥檃mple de banda de forma din脿mica. Per tal de fer aix貌 realitat, 茅s necessari desenvolupar noves arquitectures. La commutaci贸 貌ptica de r脿fegues i de paquets (OBS/OPS), s贸n dues de les tecnologies proposades. Aquesta tesi contribueix amb tres arquitectures de xarxa destinades a millorar el transport de dades sub-longitud d鈥檕na. En primer lloc, aprofundim en la naturalesa sense connexi贸 en OBS. En aquest cas, la xarxa incrementa el seu dinamisme a causa de les transmissions a r脿fega. A m茅s, les col路lisions entre r脿fegues degraden el rendiment de la xarxa fins i tot a c脿rregues molt baixes. Per fer front a aquestes col路lisions, es proposa un esquema de resoluci贸 de col路lisions pro actiu basat en un algorisme d鈥檈ncaminament i assignaci贸 de longitud d鈥檕na (RWA) que balanceja de forma autom脿tica i distribu茂da la c脿rrega en la xarxa. En aquest protocol, el RWA i la transmissi贸 de r脿fegues es basen en l鈥檈xplotaci贸 i exploraci贸 de regles de commutaci贸 que incorporen informaci贸 sobre contencions i encaminament. Per donar suport a aquesta arquitectura, s鈥檜tilitzen dos tipus de paquets de control per a l鈥檈ncaminament de les r脿fegues i l鈥檃ctualitzaci贸 de les regles de commutaci贸, respectivament. Per analitzar els beneficis del nou algorisme, s鈥檜tilitzen quatre topologies de xarxa diferents. Els resultats indiquen que el m猫tode proposat millora en diferents marges la resta d鈥檃lgorismes RWA en funci贸 de la topologia i sense penalitzar altres par脿metres com el retard extrem a extrem. La segona contribuci贸 proposa una arquitectura h铆brida sense i orientada a connexi贸 sobre la base d鈥檜n protocol de control d鈥檃cc茅s al medi (MAC) per a xarxes OBS (DAOBS). El MAC ofereix dos m猫todes d鈥檃cc茅s: arbitratge de cua (QA) per a la transmissi贸 de r脿fegues sense connexi贸, i pre-arbitratge (PA) per serveis TDM orientats a connexi贸. Aquesta arquitectura permet una 脿mplia gamma d鈥檃plicacions sensibles al retard i al bloqueig. Els resultats avaluats a trav茅s de simulacions mostren que en l鈥檃cc茅s QA, les r脿fegues de m茅s alta prioritat tenen garantides zero p猫rdues i lat猫ncies d鈥檃cc茅s molt baixes. Pel que fa a l鈥檃cc茅s PA, es reporta que la duplicaci贸 de la c脿rrega TDM augmenta en m茅s d鈥檜n ordre la probabilitat de bloqueig, per貌 sense afectar en la mateixa mesura les r脿fegues sense connexi贸. En aquest cap铆tol tamb茅 es tracten dos dels problemes relacionats amb l鈥檃rquitectura DAOBS i el seu funcionament. En primer lloc, es proposa un model matem脿tic per aproximar el retard d鈥檃cc茅s inferior i superior com a conseq眉猫ncia de l鈥檃cc茅s QA. En segon lloc, es formula matem脿ticament la generaci贸 i optimitzaci贸 de les topologies virtuals que suporten el protocol per a l鈥檈scenari amb tr脿fic est脿tic. Finalment, l鈥櫭簂tima contribuci贸 explora els beneficis d鈥檜na arquitectura de xarxa 貌ptica per temps compartit (TSON) basada en elements de c脿lcul de camins (PCE) centralitzats per tal d鈥檈vitar col路lisions en la xarxa. Aquesta arquitectura permet garantir l鈥檃provisionament orientat a connexi贸 de canals sub-longitud d鈥檕na. En aquest cap铆tol proposem i simulem tres arquitectures GMPLS/PCE/TSON. A causa del enfocament centralitzat, el rendiment de la xarxa dep猫n en gran mesura de l鈥檃ssignaci贸 i aprovisionament de les connexions. Amb aquesta finalitat, es proposen diferents algorismes d鈥檃ssignaci贸 de ranures temporals i es comparen amb les corresponents formulacions de programaci贸 lineal (ILP) per al cas est脿tic. Per al cas de tr脿fic din脿mic, proposem i avaluem mitjan莽ant simulaci贸 diferents heur铆stiques. Els resultats mostren els beneficis de proporcionar flexibilitat en els dominis temporal i freq眉encial a l鈥檋ora d鈥檃ssignar les ranures temporals.The rapid evolving Internet and the broad range of new data applications (e.g., multimedia, video-conference, online gaming, etc.) is fostering revolutionary changes in the way we communicate. In addition, some of these applications demand for unprecedented amounts of bandwidth resources with diverse quality of service (QoS). The development of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in the 90's made very cost-effective the availability of bandwidth. Nowadays, optical circuit switching technologies are predominant in the core enabling the set up of lightpaths across the network. However, full-wavelength lightpath granularity is too coarse, which results to be inefficient for provisioning sub-wavelength channels. As remarked by the research community, an open issue in optical networking is increasing the protocol transparency as well as provisioning true dynamic bandwidth allocation at the network level. To this end, new architectures are required. Optical burst/packet switching (OBS/OPS) are two such proposed technologies under investigation. This thesis contributes with three network architectures which aim at improving the sub-wavelength data transport from different perspectives. First, we gain insight into the connectionless nature of OBS. Here, the network dynamics are increased due to the short-lived burst transmissions. Moreover, burst contentions degrade the performance even at very low loads. To cope with them, we propose a proactive resolution scheme by means of a distributed auto load-balancing routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithm for wavelength-continuity constraint networks. In this protocol, the RWA and burst forwarding is based on the exploitation and exploration of switching rule concentration values that incorporate contention and forwarding desirability information. To support such architecture, forward and backward control packets are used in the burst forwarding and updating rules, respectively. In order to analyze the benefits of the new algorithm, four different network topologies are used. Results indicate that the proposed method outperforms the rest of tested RWA algorithms at various margins depending on the topology without penalizing other parameters such as end-to-end delay. The second contribution proposes a hybrid connectionless and connection-oriented architecture based on a medium access control (MAC) protocol for OBS networks (DAOBS). The MAC provides two main access mechanisms: queue arbitrated (QA) for connectionless bursts and pre-arbitrated (PA) for TDM connection-oriented services. Such an architecture allows for a broad range of delay-sensitive applications or guaranteed services. Results evaluated through simulations show that in the QA access mode highest priority bursts are guaranteed zero losses and very low access latencies. Regarding the PA mode, we report that doubling the offered TDM traffic load increases in more than one order their connection blocking, slightly affecting the blocking of other connectionless bursts. In this chapter, we also tackle two of the issues related with the DAOBS architecture and its operation. Firstly, we model mathematically the lower and upper approximations of the access delay as a consequence of the connectionless queue arbitrated access. Secondly, we formulate the generation of the virtual light-tree overlay topology for the static traffic case.Postprint (published version

    Construcci贸 d'una maqueta de xarxa OBS. Disseny i Implementaci贸 del Pla de Control

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    Aquest document presenta el disseny i la implementaci贸 del Pla de Control d鈥檜na xarxa de Commutaci贸 de R脿fegues 脪ptiques (OBS, Optical Burst Switching). En aquests tipus de xarxes, les dades d鈥檜suari s鈥檈nsamblen en r脿fegues de major longitud en els nodes frontera d鈥檌ngr茅s, i es transmeten passat un temps d鈥檕ffset. Aquest temps d鈥檕ffset permet que un paquet de control realitzi la senyalitzaci贸 i reserva de recursos 貌ptics per a que la r脿fega pugui commutar-se des del node frontera d鈥檕rigen al node dest铆, on es realitzar脿 el desensamblatge de la r脿fega en les seves unitats de dades originals. L鈥檕bjectiu d鈥檃quest projecte 茅s la creaci贸 del Pla de Control que governa la senyalitzaci贸 del cam铆 entre origen i destinaci贸 pel qual la r脿fega viatjar脿, el qual es concep per a ser utilitzat indiferentment en qualsevol tipus de node OBS (frontera o central). Paral路lelament en el document s鈥檈xplica el protocol de missatges desenvolupat i la forma en que s鈥檃ssignen i reserven els recursos 貌ptics en els commutadors i en els elements de transmissi贸 i recepci贸 de les r脿fegues. La realitzaci贸 del projecte implica part de disseny hardware (VHDL) i programaci贸 del software de control (en C). La implementaci贸 del Pla de Control s鈥檋a realitzat sobre unes plaques de desenvolupament hardware/software que integren una FPGA Virtex-II Pro de Xilinx. Aquest Projecte de Fi de Carrera s鈥檈mmarca dins d鈥檜n projecte de disseny i implementaci贸 d鈥檜na maqueta de xarxa OBS, com a part del projecte TIC2003-09042-C03-02, finan莽at pel Ministeri de Ci猫ncia i Tecnologia, juntament amb el projecte Machine de la Fundaci贸 i2CAT

    An ant-based algorithm for distributed routing and wavelength assignment in dynamic optical networks

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    Future optical communication networks are expected to change radically during the next decade. To meet the demanded bandwidth requirements, more dynamism, scalability and automatism will need to be provided. This will also require addressing issues such as the design of highly distributed control plane systems and their associated algorithms to respond to network changes very rapidly. In this work, we propose the use of an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm to solve the intrinsic problem of the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) on wavelength continuity constraint optical networks. The main advantage of the protocol is its distributed nature, which provides higher survivability to network failures or traffic congestion. The protocol has been applied to a specific type of future optical network based on the optical switching of bursts. It has been evaluated through extensive simulations with very promising results, particularly on highly congested scenarios where the load balancing capabilities of the protocol become especially efficient. Results on a partially meshed network like NSFNET show that the ant-based protocol outperforms other RWA algorithms under test in terms of blocking probability without worsening other metrics such as mean route length.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

    An Optical Burst Switching Control Plane Architecture and its Implementation

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    This paper proposes a new design and implementation of a control plane for Optical Burst Switched networks. The design is based on the principles of generality, transparency, portability and efficiency. In this way, the control plane is designed to be easily reused in any type of network node, low-level Data Plane or high-level Wavelength Reservation Scheme. Making efforts to address these issues, we implement a general-purpose, flexible and feasible OBS network testbed using field programmable gate arrays (FPGA).Peer Reviewe

    Distributed Resources Assignment for Optical Burst Switching without Wavelength Conversion (Invited Paper)

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    The amount of bursty Internet traffic leads to develop new architectures and technologies, such as Optical Burst Switching (OBS), to efficiently satisfy future bandwidth requirements. Burst loss probability is an important quality of service metric for OBS due to its bufferless characteristic, even more critical without wavelengths converters. So, resource assignment is an important issue to solve in OBS networks. In this paper, two distributed resources assignment schemes without wavelength conversion capability are proposed. Whereas the first one is applied at the edge nodes to achieve a loss-free core network, the second is an enhanced routing and wavelength assignment scheme applied at core nodes. Simulation results indicate that the first scheme offers a loss-free solution with blocking probability only at ingress nodes and high traffic load. The second one reduces the network-wide burst loss probability significantly compared with other schemes.Postprint (published version

    Construcci贸 d'una maqueta de xarxa OBS. Disseny i Implementaci贸 del Pla de Control

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    Aquest document presenta el disseny i la implementaci贸 del Pla de Control d鈥檜na xarxa de Commutaci贸 de R脿fegues 脪ptiques (OBS, Optical Burst Switching). En aquests tipus de xarxes, les dades d鈥檜suari s鈥檈nsamblen en r脿fegues de major longitud en els nodes frontera d鈥檌ngr茅s, i es transmeten passat un temps d鈥檕ffset. Aquest temps d鈥檕ffset permet que un paquet de control realitzi la senyalitzaci贸 i reserva de recursos 貌ptics per a que la r脿fega pugui commutar-se des del node frontera d鈥檕rigen al node dest铆, on es realitzar脿 el desensamblatge de la r脿fega en les seves unitats de dades originals. L鈥檕bjectiu d鈥檃quest projecte 茅s la creaci贸 del Pla de Control que governa la senyalitzaci贸 del cam铆 entre origen i destinaci贸 pel qual la r脿fega viatjar脿, el qual es concep per a ser utilitzat indiferentment en qualsevol tipus de node OBS (frontera o central). Paral路lelament en el document s鈥檈xplica el protocol de missatges desenvolupat i la forma en que s鈥檃ssignen i reserven els recursos 貌ptics en els commutadors i en els elements de transmissi贸 i recepci贸 de les r脿fegues. La realitzaci贸 del projecte implica part de disseny hardware (VHDL) i programaci贸 del software de control (en C). La implementaci贸 del Pla de Control s鈥檋a realitzat sobre unes plaques de desenvolupament hardware/software que integren una FPGA Virtex-II Pro de Xilinx. Aquest Projecte de Fi de Carrera s鈥檈mmarca dins d鈥檜n projecte de disseny i implementaci贸 d鈥檜na maqueta de xarxa OBS, com a part del projecte TIC2003-09042-C03-02, finan莽at pel Ministeri de Ci猫ncia i Tecnologia, juntament amb el projecte Machine de la Fundaci贸 i2CAT

    An Ant-based Algorithm for Distributed RWA in Optical Burst Switching

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    To meet the demanded bandwidth requirements of future optical communication networks, more dynamism, scalability and automatism will need to be provided, which will require, as well, new control plane designs to respond to network changes very rapidly. In this work, we propose the use of an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm to support the routing and wavelength assignment in wavelength continuity constraint optical burst-switched networks. The main advantage of the protocol is its distributed nature, which provides higher survivability to network failures or traffic congestion. From the results we see that the new protocol responds effectively to congestion while at the same time providing better performance in comparison to the shortest path routing with random wavelength assignment.Peer Reviewe

    An ant-based algorithm for distributed RWA in optical burst switching

    No full text
    To meet the demanded bandwidth requirements of future optical communication networks, more dynamism, scalability and automatism will need to be provided, which will require, as well, new control plane designs to respond to network changes very rapidly. In this work, we propose the use of an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm to support the routing and wavelength assignment in wavelength continuity constraint optical burst-switched networks. The main advantage of the protocol is its distributed nature, which provides higher survivability to network failures or traffic congestion. From the results we see that the new protocol responds effectively to congestion while at the same time providing better performance in comparison to the shortest path routing with random wavelength assignment.Peer Reviewe

    Report- Committee on the Departments of Textile Industries and Colour Chemistry and Dyeing in the University of Leeds

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    SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:7405.52(1987-88) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

    Prediction and measurement of the frictional torque characteristics of radially and axially loaded radial cylindrical roller bearings

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    Available from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN053165 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo
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